REPORT:
The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens

Table of Contents

• Dedication, David A. Johnston, 1949-1980
• Forward
• Preface

• VOLCANIC EVENTS
  • The eruptive history of Mount St. Helens -- Mullineaux and Crandell
  • Chronology of the 1980 eruptive activity -- Christiansen and Peterson
  • Summary of eyewitness accounts of the May 18 eruption -- Rosenbaum and Waitt
  • Time scale for the first moments of the May 18 eruption -- Voight

• GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING
  • Seismic studies
    • Locations, magnitudes, and statistics of the March 20 - May 18 earthquake sequence -- Endo, Malone, Noson, and Weaver
    • Post-May 18 seismicity; volcanic and tectonic implications -- Weaver, Grant, Malone, and Endo

  • Deformation studies
    • Topographic and structural changes, March-July 1980 -- photogrammetric data -- Moore and Albee
    • Topographic changes at Mount St. Helens: large-scale photogrammetry and digital terrain models -- Jordan and Kieffer
    • Bulging of the north flank before the May 18 eruption -- geodetic data -- Lipman, Moore, and Swanson
    • Geodetic monitoring after the May 18 eruption -- Moore, Heliker, and Yamashita
    • Summary of electronic tilt studies at Mount St. Helens -- Dvorak, Okamura, Mortensen, and Johnston
    • Temporal gravity variations at Mount St. Helens, March-May 1980 -- Jachens, Spydell, Pitts, Dzurisin, and Roberts
    • Volcanomagnetic observations during eruptions, May-August 1980 -- Johnston, Mueller, and Dvorak

  • Gas studies
    • SO2 emission rates at Mount St. Helens from March 29 through December 1980 -- Casadevall, Johnston, Harris, Rose, Malinconico, Stoiber, Bornhorst, Williams, Woodruff, and Thompson
    • Emission rates of CO2 from plume measurements -- Harris, Sato, Casadevall, Rose, and Bornhorst
    • Continuous monitoring of hydrogen on the south flank of Mount St. Helens -- Sato and McGee
    • The chemistry of gases emanating from Mount St. Helens, May-September 1980 -- Casadevall and Greenland
    • Analyses of gas samples from the summit crater -- Evans, Banks, and White
    • Properties of gases and waters of deep origin near Mount St. Helens -- Barnes, Johnston, Evans, Presser, Mariner, and White
    • Fumarole encrustations: occurrence, mineralogy, and chemistry -- Keith, Casadevall, and Johnston

  • Thermal studies
    • Thermal infrared surveys at Mount St. Helens -- observations prior to the eruptions of May 18 -- Kieffer, Frank, and Friedman
    • Thermal infrared surveys of the May 18 crater, subsequent lava domes, and associated volcanic deposits -- Friedman, Frank, Kieffer, and Sawatzky
    • Summary of temperature studies of 1980 deposits -- Banks and Hoblitt
    • Fir leaves as thermometers during the May 18 eruption -- Winner and Casadevall

  • Remote monitoring
    • Radar observations of ash eruptions -- Harris, Rose, Roe, and Thompson
    • Volcano monitoring by closed-circuit television -- Miller and Hoblitt

• VOLCANIC DEPOSITS
  • Debris-avalanche
    • Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18 -- Voight, Glicken, Janda, and Douglass

  • Directed-blast deposits
    • Fluid dynamics of the May 18 blast at Mount St. Helens -- Kieffer
    • Origin and stratigraphy of the deposit produced by the May 18 directed blast -- Hoblitt, Miller, and Vallance
    • Deposits and effects of the may 18 pyroclastic surge -- Moore and Sisson
    • Devastating pyroclastic density flow and attendant air fall of May 18 -- stratigraphy and sedimentology of deposits -- Waitt

  • Mudflow deposits
    • Lahar movement, effects, and deposits -- Janda, Scott, Nolan, and Martinson
    • Chronology of mudflows in the South Fork and North Fork Toutle river following the May 18 eruption -- Cummans

  • Pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits
    • Pyroclastic-flow deposits -- Rowley, Kuntz, and Macleod
    • Morphology and rheology of pyroclastic flows and their deposits, and guidelines for future observations -- Wilson and Head
    • Petrography and particle-size distribution of pyroclastic-flow, ash-cloud, and surge deposits -- Kuntz, Rowley, MacLeod, Reynolds, McBroome, Kaplan, and Lidke

  • Lava domes
    • Growth of lava domes in the crater, June 1980-January 1981 -- Moore, Lipman, Swanson, and Alpha
    • Physical properties of the June 1980 dacite dome -- Olhoeft, Reynolds, Friedman, Johnson, and Hunt
    • Heat content and thermal energy of the June dacite dome in relation to total energy yield, May-October 1980 -- Friedman, Olhoeft, Johnson, and Frank

  • Air-fall deposits
    • Premagmatic ash erupted from March 27 through May 14, 1980 -- extent, mass, volume, and composition -- Sarna-Wojcicki, Waitt, Woodward, Shipley, and Rivera
    • Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of air-fall ash from the six major eruptions of 1980 -- Sarna-Wojcicki, Shipley, Waitt, Dzurisin, and Wood
    • Proximal air-fall deposits from the May 18 eruption -- stratigraphy and field sedimentology -- Waitt and Dzurisin

  • Geochemistry of the deposits
    • Compositional variations in 1980 magmatic deposits -- Lipman, Norton, Melson, and Hopson
    • Preeruption temperatures and oxygen fugacities in the 1980 eruptive sequence -- Melson and Hopson
    • Alteration of new volcanic deposits -- Dethier, Pevear, and Frank
    • Composition of air-fall ash erupted on May 18, May 25, June 12, July 22, and August 7 -- Sarna-Wojcicki, Meyer, Woodward, and Lamothe
    • Methods of analysis of samples using X-ray fluorescence and induction-coupled plasma spectroscopy -- Taggart, Lichte, and Wahlberg

• EFFECTS OF THE 1980 ERUPTIONS
  • The impact of mudflows of May 18 on the lower Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers -- Lombard, Miles, Nelson, Kresh, and Carpenter
  • Effects of the eruptions on civil works and operations in the Pacific Northwest -- Schuster
  • Some effects of the May 18 eruption of Mount St. Helens on river-water quality -- Klein
  • Effects on a blue-green alga of leachates of ash from the May 18 eruption -- McKnight, Feder, and Stiles
  • Response of glaciers to the eruptions of Mount St. Helens -- Brugman and Meier
  • Effect of ash thickness on snow ablation -- Driedger
  • Ash-fall effects on the chemistry of wheat and the Ritzville soil series, eastern Washington -- Gough, Severson, Lichte, Peard, Tuttle, Papp, Harms, and Smith

• ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS
  • Prediction and hazards assessments
    • Hazards assessments at Mount St. Helens -- Miller, Mullineaux, and Crandell
    • Seismic monitoring for eruption prediction -- Malone, Endo, Weaver, and Ramey
    • The 1980 activity -- a case study in forecasting volcanic eruptions -- Decker

  • Analysis of possible effects
    • Stability of blockage in North Fork Toutle River -- Youd, Wilson, and Schuster
    • Computer assessments of potential flood hazards from breaching of two debris dams, Toutle river and Cowlitz River systems -- Jennings, Schneider, and Smith

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